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Talmudical hermeneutics (Hebrew: מידות שהתורה נדרשת בהן) defines the rules and methods for the investigation and exact determination of the meaning of the Scriptures, both legal and historical. Since the halakha, however, is regarded simply as an exposition and explanation of the Torah, Talmud hermeneutics includes also the rules by which the requirements of the oral law are derived from and established by the written law. These rules relate to: * grammar and exegesis * the interpretation of certain words and letters and apparently superfluous and/or missing words or letters, and prefixes and suffixes * the interpretation of those letters which, in certain words, are provided with points * the interpretation of the letters in a word according to their numerical value (see Gematria) * the interpretation of a word by dividing it into two or more words (see Notarikon) * the interpretation of a word according to its consonantal form or according to its vocalization * the interpretation of a word by transposing its letters or by changing its vowels * the logical deduction of a halakhah from a Scriptural text or from another law == Classes of rules == Compilations of such hermeneutic rules were made in the earliest times. The tannaitic tradition recognizes three such collections, namely: #the 7 Rules of Hillel (baraita at the beginning of Sifra; Avot of Rabbi Natan xxxvii.) #the 13 Rules of Rabbi Ishmael〔 (baraita at the beginning of Sifra; this collection is merely an amplification of that of Hillel) #the 32 Rules of Rabbi Eliezer ben Jose HaGelili.〔 These last-mentioned rules are contained in an independent baraita (Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules) which has been incorporated and preserved only in later works. They are intended for haggadic interpretation, but many of them are valid for the Halakah as well, coinciding with the rules of Hillel and Ishmael. It must be borne in mind, however, that neither Hillel, Ishmael, nor Eliezer ben Jose sought to give a complete enumeration of the rules of interpretation current in his day, but that they omitted from their collections many rules which were then followed. For some reason they restricted themselves to a compilation of the principal methods of logical deduction, which they called "middot" (measures), although the other rules also were known by that term (comp. Sifre, Num. 2 (Friedmann, p. 2a )). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Talmudical hermeneutics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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